Mars has multiple large volcanoes and other volcanic features. Tharsis Montes (top left) is a region with four large volcanoes, including the largest volcano in the Solar System, Olympus Mons.
Maat Mons, a volcano on the surface of Venus, may still be active.
Olympus Mons on Mars is the largest volcano in the Solar System.
Olympus Mons is a shield volcano that is the largest volcano in the Solar System. It is roughly 100x the size of Earth's largest volcano, Mauna Loa. Olympus Mons could possibly still be active. It is a hotspot volcano.
Arsia Mons is the southernmost volcano on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of Mars. It is also a shield volcano and is the second largest in the Solar System, which is 30x the size of Mauna Loa. The Tharsis Montes volcanoes are all hotspot volcanoes in a straight line, which could be evidence of plate tectonics.
Pavonis Mons is the middle of the three Tharsis Montes. It has been proposed as a site to build a space elevator due to its size and position near the equator. It is the smallest of the Tharsis Montes and is covered in fine dust that causes it to have a high albedo.
Ascraeus Mons has lava aprons that are remnants of lava vents near the base of the volcano. Other interesting features include collapsed lava tubes.
Venus has the highest density of volcanoes of any body in the Solar System. It has been estimated that it contains tens to hundreds of thousands of volcanoes on its surface. These volcanoes may still be active, and the surface may undergo a complete restructuring every several hundred thousand years. Evidence for this includes the lack of many impact craters and expansive flood basalts.
The volcanoes of Venus spew noxious gases that form the highly dense, carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. The atmosphere is so dense with gases that the atmospheric pressure is 90x that of Earth's.
Io was first discovered by Galileo in 1610, and it was imaged by Voyagers 1 and 2 and the Galileo spacecraft, as well as Juno more recently. Io was a lover of Zeus in Greek mythology.
Io is subjected to Jupiter's strong gravitational forces, which cause movement and friction within Io as it orbits eccentrically around the planet. This tug and pull on Io creates heat which results in subsurface rock melting and volcano formation. Io is the most volcanically-active body in the Solar System.
Io's colors are due to volcanic deposits of varying composition. Io produces vast amounts of sulfur compounds but the colors can be due to other minerals and rocks as well. Io's colors include yellows, reds and oranges, blacks and whites, grays, and even greens.
Enceladus has spectacular cryovolcanoes that spew seawater out into space. The Cassini probe sampled this seawater and measured important compounds like methane, hydrogen, and salts. The presence of hydrogen is particularly exciting because this indicates there are water-rock reactions occurring beneath the surface like those that are common at hydrothermal vents. This activity could support life in the liquid ocean below the ice.
Enceladus is an Ocean World. Although it is tiny and very far away, many scientists believe this moon is very likely to harbor life, if life were to exist on other worlds. Enceladus has many other intriguing features, including the cryovolcanoes.
The cryovolcanoes on Enceladus form as a result of the tiny moon interacting with the gravitational pull of its planet, Saturn. This gravitational push and pull causes tidal heating and warms up the moon's interior. The cryovolcanoes on Enceladus erupt as icy seawater instead of lava, revealing a liquid water ocean beneath the ice.
Triton has cryovolcanoes that erupt water and other gases onto the surface. Triton has a crust of frozen nitrogen ice that traps heat from sunlight. Occasionally enough heat builds up to melt the ices and gases will expand to the surface, causing an eruption of water, ammonia, nitrogen, and ice. The material flows over the surface much like lava, but is made of water and gas.
All images - NASA
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